Wow Thats a lot of info....But listen as it spot on!!!↑↑↑↑
Its really a common problem but simple to fix.
Remove the centre bolt. Heat the boss before you put a spanner to them....same for broken bolts. Heat and quench then remove. ALWAYS re-tap threads with a good tapping compound.
In a lot of cases if the heat quench process is done right you can pull some out with your fingers.
Easy outs...bleh! (Not worth the effot)or stud extractors and drill and tap are fine,but still need heat. (Note dont heat if you intend to drill and tap as the metal will be hardened by this process.
Helicoiling a std boss in my opinion wouldnt be cost effective,but can be done safely.
Start putting away sh ones when you see them,again ensuring you tap the threads correctly.
All in all its a common boss and easier to get another.
I just threw out 10 and various others.
I may have one or two left. There yours if I have them.